This is the third and last part of the case study. The first and second part explored the July 1952 UFO incidents over Washington D.C. using Walter von Lucadou's MPI. One of the key elements of the MPI is the focus person, at the centre of poltergeist events (RSPK). On the surface, the 1952 UFO events do not seem to have one. However, a more in-depth look, using a parasociological approach, can help to find the missing piece of the 1952 puzzle.THE FOCUS PERSONS OF THE 1952 EVENTS: THE SYMBOLIC CLUESThe events of 1952 left several symbolic clues that require further exploration. First of all, the 1952 wave, given the reporting structure, was essentially an American event as the sightings were from the United States and where U.S. troops were stationed (with a few exceptions). From a MPI perspective, the pragmatic information (or message) was destined to people in the American people. As well, the events got the attention centred on Washington D.C., and from a MPI's perspective it is a good indication that the focus was on D.C. and therefore the focus persons should be in or around D.C. As von Lucadou wrote about RSPKs, "whether he fools his environment or uses psychokinesis, the agent can be assured that all eyes will be on him (or the phenomena) during the surprise phase."Another important element is the choice of disturbances. The message was conveyed using strange objects in the sky near the capital of a superpower engaged in a Cold War against another superpower (the Soviet Union). It is quite clear that the message was aiming for the attention of people in the military, as they would be necessarily involved in such circumstances. The fact that the phenomenon "insisted" (i.e. lasted two weekends) is also an indication than the larger society was the another audience for the message. But like in many RSPK events, the environment does not understand the message. Once again, as von Lucadou noticed, "but does the environment understand his cry for help? Naive observers search for all possible causes to "explain the unexplained", but they do not recognize its meaning." Instead, aliens in flying saucers and weather inversions are sought for by the naive observers and the critical observers, respectively. It is also important to note, in light of Bertrand M'eheust's seminal research on science-fiction and the UFO phenomenon, that the selection of objects that could pass for spaceships might be indicative that the focus persons belonged to the "Amazing Stories" generation, i.e. white males who were teenagers and young adults in the 1930s and early 1940s. It is also the same generation who was conscripted to fight during the Second World War. Another very important part of the symbolic message is the timing. The Washington D.C. events matched the timing of the Democratic National Convention that occurred in Chicago, and selected Adlai Stevenson as the Democrat's presidential candidate. The convention spanned from 21 July to 26 July, hence two nights before the first UFO incident and the night after the second one. It is very important to note that the both GOP and Democratic conventions were televised and covered by 3 of the 4 national TV networks of time, and when half the American population had a TV set. The symbolic timing of the UFO incidents, given the important political events occurring at the same time, is suggestive of "don't forget about me" for the 19-20 July incidents, and of "hey, you forgot about me" for the 26-27 July incidents.Finally, as von Lucadou described, there are active and passive RSPKs. The active ones tend to bring the destruction of mundane objects (the boiling pot of anger), while the passive ones tend to be expressed via various messages to attract people's attention to the plight of the depressed individual who cannot speak up. The 1952 Washington D.C. incidents were certainly not destructive, and imply that we should look for a bunch of depressed people who were somehow muzzled. PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHERThe generic portrait of the focus persons, given the available clues, would be adult white males who are likely veterans of WWII, living near and around Washington D.C., who felt depressed and muzzled, trying to get the attention of the military, the Democrats, and society in general. Although any interpretation is always a risky task, the "best guess" for the focus persons would be the World War II veterans hired in the Federal Public Service after the War through the "Veterans' Preference Act of 1944". The act had many sections, but one was involving that "Preference would apply to civilian positions - permanent or temporary ;- in all departments, agencies, bureaus, administrations, establishments, and projects of the Federal Government, and in the civil service of the District of Columbia." In other words, D.C. was indeed a hub of WWII veterans working in the Federal Public Service. Needless to say, the vast majority of those people were adult white males under 40 years of age.The next question to answer is whether these people were depressed and muzzled. The early 1950s were the days of McCarthyism and the House Committee on Un-American Activities, and the Federal Public Service was one of the first targets of this anti-communist witch hunt. At the time, the public servants were under the so-called loyalty program instituted by President Truman, and where one could lose his or her job quite easily if they were suspected of any unwarranted sympathies. Indeed depressing, especially for people who risked their life for their country just a few years before and who then were under intense suspicion of treason. And, of course, as public servants they could not really speak up. Depressed and muzzled was a fair description of the early 1950s public service climate. Even more interesting is the dates of implementation of the loyalty program. It was instituted by the Executive Order 9835 of 21 March 1947, and was publicly announced in December 1947. However, the existence and content of the Executive Order was discussed in the press at the end of May 1947. It is a notable synchronicity that the modern UFO era started just three weeks later in June 1947 in Washington (State) after the military were seeking help...Another important issue is that the McCarthyism era started to decline when McCarthy wanted to extend his witch hunt into the military during the Army-McCarthy hearings of 1954. McCarthy went too far. After that attempt, he was censured by the Senate, a rare thing in the U.S. political system. Could it be that the WWII veterans unconsciously knew, already in 1952, that the military was above the witch hunt and they were seeking its help? Although the loyalty program was instituted by President Truman, a Democrat, the new leadership in the Democratic Party was certainly not warm to McCarthy. The D.C. Democrats elected Averell Harriman as their delegate to the Convention, an uncompromising liberal. As the Convention was about to start, Senator Kefauver was the leading candidate, but there was intense rumours that Adlai Stevenson would eventually announce himself as a candidate. Kefauver was head of anti-organized crime committee, and not known for being a liberal. On the other hand, if Stevenson was clearly a conservative,[10] he profoundly disliked McCarthy, as he showed during the electoral campaign of 1952. The suspense was lifted on the first day of the Convention, when Stevenson accepted his nomination as a candidate for the Democratic ticket. Stevenson was eventually elected as the Democrat candidate for the 1952 presidential election, and his acceptance speech pronounced at the end of the Convention is still considered as one of the most important political speech of American political history. Yet, this speech that "electrified the nation" did not talk about what he will do about McCarthyism, except this oblique remark towards the end: "Help me to do the job in these years of darkness, of doubt, and of crisis which stretch beyond the horizon of tonight's happy vision, and we will justify our glorious past and the loyalty of silent millions who look to us for compassion, for understanding, and for honest purpose. Thus, we will serve our great tradition greatly."[11]Like in most RSPKs and UFO cases, those for whom the message is intended do not understand it. THE PHYSICAL TRACESThe July 1952 incidents left some physical traces through the radar tracking devices. Only a small minority of UFO cases show some sort of objective physical traces. Yet, to this day all those traces, without any exception, have never provided any explanation on the origin of UFOs. As Jacques Vall'ee noted already in 1977 while discussing some classical cases, "It seemed to be artificial sand created from grinding together stones of different origin. Well, to a physicist that may not mean too much. It's an indication of something that turns out to be absurd. [...]In that sense, yes, there is physical evidence. But if you mean physical evidence in the sense that we're going to discover somebody's propulsion system from it, I would have to say I don't expect that to happen"[12]. Indeed, Vall'ee could not be more correct; 30 years later nothing has changed. The real question is why Vall'ee was right then and still is now? The answer is puzzlingly simple: like in the case of RSPKs events, the objective physical traces of UFOs are made of natural and human-made material available to the focus persons. In the case of 1952 Washington D.C. incidents, although we will never know for sure, the most likely candidates are earthlights. The witnesses described orange balls of light, and in a few cases they were seen as white-bluish. One witness saw something at dawn and it looked like silvery balls. These are the classical descriptions of earthlights, and are a very common culprit in unidentified UFO cases.[13] In RSPK cases, no one questions the "ordinariness" of the objects that are moved or destroyed psychokinetically, even in the rare cases where materialization and teleportation are described by the witnesses. Now that we know better about a number of natural phenomena like earthlights, the same attitude should prevail for UFOs and their physical traces.[14] In the end, the material aspects of UFOs are of a secondary importance as they will not help us to understand the phenomenon, BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT THE PHENOMENON ITSELF. What is crucial, what actually constitutes the phenomenon is the strange behaviours of the objects (in cases where there are objects), and the symbolic message that is carried through the strange behaviours. CONCLUSIONJohn Keel was wondering at the end of the 1960s if UFOs might be just a large scale poltergeist. I think his intuition was right, although he came to assign the poltergeist to non-human entities rather than to the human capacity to influence matter psychokinetically. Forty years later, by integrating the most advanced model to understand RSPKs, we are getting closer to show that UFO waves are indeed explainable as RSPK, and this without invoking the involvement of improvable non-human entities (including the ETs). This is not the final proof, of course, and given the inherent elusiveness of psi phenomena, it is extremely unlikely that a positivist and materialistic proof can be ever produced. The best hope for an explanation is through indirect analysis, as models like the MPI can provide. The linkages between parapsychology and ufology always have been a difficult one, even if in the 1970s there were some serious attempts to do so. One of the key issues of this linkage is, I think, the different levels of analysis. Parapsychology, as an extension of psychology, focuses on the individual. The UFO phenomenon, on the other hand, has clearly a sociological dimension if only because apparently identical sightings can occur within a few hours of each others, at several locations over a large country, or even several countries. The MPI is built on a social psychology foundation which makes it more amenable to study the UFO phenomenon. However, a truly sociological (or parasociological) perspective is required to provide a complete analysis, as in the case of UFOs the focus person can be a social group instead of an individual. This case study has at least shown that a comprehensive perspective that goes much beyond physical traces is required to study the UFO phenomenon seriously.REFERENCES FOR PART 3 Lucadou, Walter von and F. Zahradnik. (2004). "Predictions of the Model of Pragmatic Information about RSPK". "Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association Convention 2004 "(99-112), p. 103. Idem. M'eheust, Bertrand. (1978). "Science-fiction et soucoupes volantes". Paris: Mercure de France. N.a. (1952). "Television in Smoke-filled Rooms". The Economist (19 July): 166. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans' Preference Act. Schrecker, Ellen. (2002). "The Age of McCarthyism". New York: Palgrave, pp. 25-27. For more, see http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/fall/agloso.html There is at least another example of a large scale paranormal phenomenon starting in the "in between period" of a significant radicalization of a state security apparatus. The apparition of the Virgin Mary in Lourdes, France, occurred on 11 February 1858, in between an assassination attempt against the emperor Napoleon III on 14 January 1858 and the implementation of a law that gave French police extensive powers to arrest and incarcerate anyone, without trial, suspected of not being loyal to the government (Loi de s^uret'e g'en'erale) on 19 February 1858 (and getting imperial sanction on 27 February 1858). N.a. (1952). "Democrats Wait for a Bandwagon". "The Economist" (28 June): 888.[10] N.a. (1952). "American Survey: Genral and GOvernor". "The Economist" (2 August): 285.[11] The full speech transcript can be found at http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/adlaistevenson1952dnc.html[12] Clark, Jerome. (1980). "A Conversation with Jacques Vall'ee", in Curtis G Fuller (ed.), "Proceedings of the First International UFO Congress", (139-152). New York: Warner, p. 142.[13] For a more detailed discussion on what is known about the material dimension of UFOs, please refer to my post "The Materiality of UFOs" graciously reproduced on the PSICAN website at http://psican.org/alpha/index.php?/20090308225/Ufological-Information/The-Materiality-Of-UFOs.html[14] For a more detailed analysis of the similarities between RSPKs and UFO events, please refer to Rogo, Scott. (2006) [1977]. "The Haunted Universe". San Antonio: Anomalist Books.Eric Ouellet (c) 2010
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